4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE) is a highly reactive aldehyde generated by the exposure of polyunsaturated fatty acids to peroxides and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It non-enzymatically forms stable protein adducts with histidine, lysine, and cysteine side chains that have been used as biomarkers for oxidative damage in cells. Conditions where 4-HNE immunoreactivity has been observed include include inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and ischemic damage to the heart and brain.
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